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khtPuh; JapYk; ,y;yq;fs;
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Nghhpy; tPukuzk; va;jpath;fspd; epidthf eLfw;fs;>
fy;yiwfs;> epidTj;J}gpfs; mikg;gJ ,d;W New;W njhlq;fpa kuGmy;y. kdpjd;
Njhd;wp tsHe;J ehfhpfk; milaj; njhlq;fpa ehs; Kjy; Gjpa fw;fhyj;jpypUe;J
tsh;e;J te;j xU gz;ghFk;. mJTk; tPuj; jkpodpd; tPutuyhW $Wk; ,j;jifa epidTr;
rpd;dq;fs; ngUq;fw;fhyk; (fp.K.6000) Kjy; tof;fpy; ,Ue;Js;sd.
,d;W Gypfspd; khtPuh;fs; JapYk; ,y;yq;fshf mj;jifa
eLfw;fis fy;yiwfis tlf;fpYk;> fpof;fpYk; epWtp tUtJ ,e;j tuyhw;wpd;
njhlh;r;rp vd;Nw $w Ntz;Lk;.
jkpoH tuyhw;wpy; Nrhoh; fhyKk;> mth;fsJ Gypf;nfhbAk;
gpurpj;jp ngw;wit. mt;thNwtuyhw;Wf; fhyk;> rq;ffhyk; Mfpatw;wpy; elg;gl;l
eLfw;fspYk; ngUk;ghyuhdtw;wpy; Gypr;rpd;dk; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
<oj;jpy; tpLjiyg; Nghuhspfshf Gypfs; ,g;Gypr;rpd;dj;ijg;
nghwpj;Jf; nfhz;lJld;> eLfw;fspy; mr;rpd;dj;ijg; gjpj;Js;sdh;.~~Gyp|| vd;w thh;j;ijiaf; Nfl;lJNk ~~fpyp|| nfhs;sr;
nra;Ak; msT mth;fsJ NghH tpA+fq;fs; mike;Js;sd. mj;jifa tpA+fq;fspy;
Kf;fpakhd xd;Wjhd; NghHf;fsj;jpy; tPukuzk; mile;j Nghuhspfis vj;jifa ,lhpYk;
vLj;Jr; nrd;W tPutzf;fj;Jld; mlf;fk; nra;J mth;fspd; epiditg; Nghw;WtJ.
tlf;Nf aho;g;ghz gpuNjrj;jpNyNa typfhkj;jpy; Nfhg;ghapYk;>
tlkuhl;rpapy; cLg;gpl;bapYk;> njd;kuhl;rpapy; nfhbfhkj;jpYk; vy;yd; -
Fsj;jpYk; ,t;tpy;yq;fs; mikag; ngw;Ws;sd. Nfhg;ghapNy RkhH 864 rkhjpfSk;
1000f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l eLfw;fSk; cs;sd. gyKiw ,uhZtj;jpdhy; cOJ mopf;fg;gl;Lk; ,f;fy;yiwfs;
kPz;Lk; Gj;Japh; ngw;wf; nfhz;L gioagbNa fhl;rpaspf;Fk;. nfhbfhkj;jpYk;
Mapuj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l khtPuH fy;yiwfSk; eLfw;fSk; cs;sd.
vy;yd; - Fsj;jpy; rq;fh; Nghd;Nwhhpd; tpj;Jly;fs; gjpak;
nra;agl;L Ngzg;gl;L tug;gLfpd;wd.jPtfj;jpNy Ntyizapy; rhl;b vd;Dkplj;jpy; ,j;jifa khtPuh;
JapYk; ,y;ynkhd;Ws;sJ. fpspnehr;rpapy; 1000f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l eLfw;fisf; nfhz;l
khtPuh; JapYk; ,y;yk; xd;W moFwf;fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ.
Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lj;jpYk; Ks;spatis> tp];tkL> nrk;kiy Mfpa
,lq;fspy; ,t;tpy;yq;fs;> fy;yiwfs;> eLfw;fisf;nfhzljhf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.JZf;fhapy; Myq;Fsj;jpYk;> khq;Fsj;jpy; nts;sptpshq;
Fsj;jpYk;> tTdpahtpy; <r;rq;Fsk; vd;Dkplj;jpYk; ,j;jifa fy;yiwfs; moFw
mikf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd.
jpUNfhzkiyapYk; rhk;gy;jPtpy; ,e;jifa khtPuh; JapYk; ,y;yk;
xd;W khtPuH tPutuyhw;iwg; giwrhw;wp epw;fpwJ.
kl;lf;fsg;gpNy jhz;bab vd;Dk; fpuhkj;jpNy mofhd eLfw;fisf;
nfhz;l Nkil xd;Wk; cs;sJ. Gypfspd; jiyikafkhd juitapNy kpfg;nghpa fy;yiw
kahdk; xd;W mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. moFk;> mikjpAk; nfhz;l,k;khtPuH JapYk; ,y;yq;fs;
jkpodpd; tPuj;ijAk;> cah; gz;ikAk; cyfpw;F czh;j;jpf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wd.
KjyhtJ khtPud; rq;fhpd; kuz ehisNa khtPuH epidT ehshfTk; tUlhtUlk; ehlshtpa
hPjpapy; nfhz;lhb tUtijAk; fhz;fpNwhk;.
tuyhw;W kugpd; njhlHr;rp.
,k;khtPuh; JapYk; ,y;yq;fspd; rpwg;G vd;dntd;why; mur
gilfs; CLUTk; NghJk; Aj;jk; nra;Ak; NghJk; gilfshy; mopj;Jj; jiukl;lkhfp
tpl;lhYk; Gypfshy; mit kPz;Lk; fl;b vOg;gg;gl;L tpLk;. ,g;gb vj;jidNah
jlitfs; ,y;tpy;yq;fs; kz;NzhL kz;zhf kiwe;J kWepkplNk Jsph;tpl;L kPz;Lk; cUg;
ngw;wtpLk;. ,jpypUe;J ,k;khtPuHfis vt;tsT J}uk; fdk; gz;ZfpwhHfs; vd;gJ
njspthfpwJ my;yth.
md;W new;wpapNy tPuj;jpyfkpl;L NghUf;F mDg;gpa gpd;
tPukuzk; mile;j tPuDf;F eLfy; vOg;gp topgl;ldH tPuj;jha;khHfs;. ,d;W ,t;tPu
ike;jHfSf;F ngw;NwhUk;> cwtpdUk; kw;NwhUk; nrd;W kyH mQ;ryp nrYj;JtijAk;
tuyhw;wpd; njhluhfNt ,d;Wk; fhz;fpNwhk;.
gz;Lk; ,t;tpjNk nghpahH vr;rq;fs; kPJ vOg;gg; ngw;w
J}gpfis topgl;ldH. mitNa fhyg; Nghf;fpy; Gdpj rpd;dq;fshf fUjg; ngw;W
tzf;fj;jyq;fshfTk; khwpd. fy;yiwfNs gbg;gbahf tsHr;rp ngw;W nghpa mstpyhd
J}gpahfpaJ. Gj;jgfthdpd; vhpf;fg;gl;l vYk;GfSk; rhk;gYNk Yk;gpdp> rhQ;rp>
gHFj;> fgpyt]j;J> Gj;jfhah Kjypa Kf;fpa vl;L ,lq;fspy; nghpa mstpyhd
J}gpfshapd. gpukpl;fSk; ,t;tpjNk Vw;gl;ld. ,tw;wpDs;Ns <kj;jhopfSf;F gjpyhf
~~ae;jpufy;|| itf;fg;gl;lJ vdyhk;.
fw;fhyj;jpy; jkpofk; - <ok;
fw;fhy jkpofj;jpd; tuyhW Ie;J ,yl;rk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;lJ vd Ma;thsh;fs;
fUJth;. jkpofj;Jld; ,ize;jpUe;j <oKk; fhyepiy khw;wq;fshy; gpwTgl;Lg;
gphpe;jhYk;> jkpofj;jpd
gioikiaNa nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gij Gtpapay;> khDltpay;> jhtutpay;
rhd;Wfs; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. tuyhWk; mj;jifaJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; jkpofk; - <ok;
njhlHGfSf;F ,uhkH miz gad;gl;lJ vd;gNj Ma;thsh;fsJ $w;W. ,j;njhlHr;rp fp.K .7000
Mz;Lfs; tiu ,Ue;jnjd GtpapayhsHfs; fUJfpd;wdH.
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk;> tuyhw;Wf;fhyk; Mfpatw;wpNy ,g;gpuNjrq;fs;
Kjd;ik ngw;W tpsq;fpd. ,j;jifa fyhrhuKjpHr;rpf;F toptFj;jJ ngUq;fw;fhyNk MFk;.
jkpofj;jpYk; tptrhag; Gul;rpia Kd;ndLj;jth;fs;> tPuj;jpid tpijj;jth;fs;>
murpay; tsh;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jpath;fs; ,g;ngUq;fw;fhy Mjpj;jpuhtpl ,dkhd
jkpoh;fNs vd;gJ Ma;Tfs; jUk; cz;ikahFk;. ,g;ngUq;fw;fhyj;jpd; rpwg;Gg; gz;Ng
,we;Njhiu jhopfspy; mlf;fk; nra;Ak; Kiw MFk;.
tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpYk; ehfhpf fhyj;jpYk; jkpofk;> <ok;
gw;wpa rpwg;ig rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; njspthff; fhl;Lfpd;wd. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;
vLj;jpak;Gk; r%f> murpay;> nghUshjhu kuGfis Nehf;Fk;NghJ mf;fhy
kwj;jkpoh;fspd; tho;Tk;> tsKk;> NghUk;> tPuKk; ,d;Dk; ek;ik tpaf;f
itf;fpd;wd.
ngUq;fw;fhy <kj;jhopfs;> <kr;rpd;dq;fs;
,we;Njhiug; Gijf;Fk; tof;fk; Gjpa fw;fhyj;jpNy
Muk;gpj;Jtpl;lJ vdyhk;. goq;fhyj;jpy; vt;tpjk; ,we;Njhiug; Gijj;jhHfs; vd;gJ
gw;wpmwpa Nghjpa rhd;Wfs; fpilf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy;> Gjpa fw;fhyj;jpy; jhk;
tjpAkplq;fspNy mlf;fk; nra;jHfs; vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;Wfs; cs;sd.
ngUq;fw;fhyj;jpNy ,we;Njhiu mlf;fk; nra;Ak; NghJ nghpa
fw;fisg; gad;gLj;jp <kr; rpd;dq;fis mikf;Fk; tof;fk; ,Ue;jJ.
ngUq;fw;fhyj;jpNy ,we;jtUf;F jdpr; rpd;dk; mikj;J mtHfs; cz;l> cLj;j>
cgNahfpj;j nghUl;fis vYk;GfNshL NrHj;Jg; Gijj;jdh;. caph; cliy tpl;Lg;
gphpe;jhYk; mJ moptjpy;iy vd;w mf;fhy kf;fspd; ek;gpf;ifia ,J vLj;Jf;
fhl;LfpwJ. ,j;jifa <kr;rpd;dq;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,j;JiwapNy Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;l ny];dpf;
(S.L.Leshnik) vd;gth;
njd;dhl;by; kl;Lk; 1500 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l <kf;fhLfs; cs;sd vd;fpwhH. xU <kf;fhl;by;
RkhH 100 tiu cly;fs; ,Ug;gjhf kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,w;NjhUf;F ,j;jifa kjpg;gspj;J <kr;rpd;dq;fis cUthf;fpa ,k;kf;fs;
jk;tjptplq;fis mikg;gjpy; ,j;jifa mf;fiw fhl;ltpy;iy vd;gijAk; mwpfpNwhk;.
Nfus khepy GijFopfis Muha;e;J tifg;gLj;jpa
vr.vd;.nfhl;hpq;ud; (H.N.cotrikton)>
fpU\;zrhkp> my;rd; jk;gjpfs;> uhkr;re;jpud; K.S>
gdh;[p> jPf;rpw; Nghd;Nwhhpd; Ma;Tfs; ~~njd;dpe;jpa ngUq;fw;fhy gz;ghL||
vd;w E}yhff; fpilf;fpwJ. nfhl;hpq;udpd; Ma;Tfs;|| njd;dpe;jpa ngUq;fw;fhy
gz;ghL|| vd;w E}yhff; fpilf;fpwJ. nfhl;hpq;udpd; Ma;Tfs; ~~njd;dfj;J <kr;rpd;d
tpsf;fq;fs;|| vd ntspte;Js;sJ. ny];dpf; vd;gthpd; Ma;T ~~gz;Lf;fy;|
(Pandukal Complex)
fyhrhuk; vd ntspg;gl;lJ.
<kj;jhopfs; /<kf;Fopfs;
,e;jpah KOf;f gue;J fhzg;gl;l <kf;Fopfs; mrhk;> kj;jpa ,e;jpah>
myfghjp> gz;lh> kphprhgoH> thuzhrp> kfhuh\;buk;> ehf;G+h;> Nkiyj;jf;fsk;>
Nfusk;> Mjpr;rey;Y}h; Kjyhd gy ,lq;fspYk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. ,Nj <kf;Fopfs; <oj;jpYk;
fe;jNuhil> Midf;Nfhl;il> khe;ij> re;jpuhe;ij> Gj;jsk; (nghd;ghpg;G)>
kpfpe;jiy> mDuhjGuk;> FUfy;whid> kzpj;jiy> kypfk;gpl;b> jPfthgp> fjpuntsp (kl;lf;fsg;G)>
cfe;ij Kjypa gy ,lq;fspYk; gutpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
fdba Nguhrphpauhd tpkyh ngf;Ny
(Begley)> Nfk;wpad; gy;fiyf;fof
NguhrpupaH my;rpd;> fzpf;fhk; (Allchin, cunningham)
KjypNahuJ njhy;nghUspay; Ma;Tfs; fUj;ijj; njspthf;fpj; jUfpd;wd.
(Allchin F.R.and canningham - "Anuradhapura, citadel, Archaco
logical Project Report July - September 1991 South Asian Studies 8,1992 -
gf; 155 - 1671.
nghd;ghpg;gpNy ~~jhopf;fhL|| vDkplj;jpNy 800 f;Fk;
Nkw;gl;l jhopfs; fhzg;gl;ld. ,q;F RkhH 10000 -12000 tiuapyhd kf;fl; $l;lk;
tho;e;jpUf;f Ntz;Lnkd mwpaKbfpwJ. (Begley - V
"Excavations of Iron age burials at ponparippu - 1970" Ancient Ceylon No 4 -
1981).
<oj;jpd; njd; gFjpapYk;> njd; fpof;Fg; gFjpapYk; ghP];
gy;fiyf;fof Nguhrphpauhd Nfhgpauhl;rp> rpuhd;> bludpafy MfpNahH Nkw;nfhz;l
Muha;r;rpapNy njJW Xah> fWj;Jiw> [pe;Njhl;l> khj;jiw> ntypfk Nghd;w
JiwKfq;fs; ngUq;fw;fhy kf;fs; FbNaw;wq;fs; tho;e;j ,lq;fs; vd;gJ
njspthfpAs;sJ. ,q;F fhzg;gl;l vr;rq;fs; midj;Jk; njd; ,e;jpahtpd; vr;rq;fis
xj;jit vdTk;> mit Mjpj;jpuhtpldpd; tjptplq;fs; vd;gjidAk; cyfpw;F czHj;jpd.
Deraniyaga, siu - upne and Photo historic settlements in
Sri Lanka economic review vol 23 No 7/8 October November - 1997.
,t;tpjk; <oj;jpd; gy gy ,lq;fspYk; fhzg;gl;l ngUq;fw;fhy
<kf;fhLfs; njd; ,e;jpahit xj;jjhfNt fhzg;gl;ld. ,it jPf;rpw;> my;rpdp
Nghd;NuhuJ Ma;tpd;gb gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
Dolmen Grave)
Filtiuf;Fiffs; ( Rockcut cave)
Fj;Jf; fw;fs; ( men hir)
njhg;gpf;fw;fs; ( Thoppigal)
Filf;fw;fs; ( umbrella stone) fy;yiwfs; (list grave)
vd ,dq;fhzg;gl;ld.
fpof;F khfhzj;jpy;
fpof;F khfhzj;jpNy fjpuntsp vd;Dkplj;jpNy fhzg;gl;l
GijFopfis Muha;e;j guztpjhd mit Nfusk;> GJf;Nfhl;ilg; GijFopfis xj;jd
vd;fpwhh;. ,t;tplq;fspy; ,e;j ,LfhLfs; ~~Fuq;Fg;ghil||> Fuq;Fg;gl;lil|| vdf;
Fwpf;fg;gl;ld. ,jd; nghUs; ,we;NjhUf;F jiuapd; fPo; gLf;if vd;gjhFk;. ,J
gpd;dh; Fuq;Fg;gl;il vd jphpglyghapw;W. (Srinivasan -
K.R. Ancient India No 2 January 1946) ,d;W
,it gy;NtW meh;j;jq;fshy; rpijTw;wpUg;gpDk; ,it ngUq;fw;fhy kf;fs; tho;e;j ,lq;fs;
vd;gJ epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nfusj;jpNy fhzg;gl;l ,d;Ndhh; GijFopahdJ eLfy;> Fj;Jf;fy;
vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;bUe;jd. ,we;Njhiug; Gijj;j gpd;G ,j;jifa fw;fs; elg;gLk;.
mf;fy;ypNy ,we;NjhH rpj;jpuk;> ngaH> Nghd;wd nghwpf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. ,Nj Nghd;W
kl;lf;fsg;gpd; njd;ghy; gOfhkj;jpNy jpnusgjp mk;kd; Nfhapiy mz;kp Nkw;gb
fw;fs; fhzg;gLtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. tPutopghl;bd; epkpj;jk; Vw;gl;l
epidTf;fw;fshfTk;> topghlhfTk; mjd; epkpj;jk; cUthf;fg;gl;l NfhapyhfTk; ,f;Nfhapiyf;
nfhs;s KbAk;. ,e;j kuGg;gbNa Gypfspd; khtPuh; JapYk; ,y;yq;fs;
epWtg;gl;Ls;sd.
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eLfw;fSk; tPutzf;fKk;
rq;f fhyg; ghly;fs; vy;yhk; ntl;rpj;jpiziaNa Kjw;fz;
itj;Js;sd. ntl;rpj;jpizapd; Kf;fpa epfo;T Mepiufth;jy;> Mepiu kPl;G MFk;.
,it ,uz;bYNk njhlq;fpa NghH gpd;G epyk;> muz;kid> nghd;> nghUs;> muRg;NghH
vd tphpe;jJ. ,j;jifa NghHfspNy tPukuzk; va;jpNahiu mlf;fk; nra;J eLfy; ehl;b
topglTk; nra;jdh;.
Mepiu fth;jypy; ntw;wp ngw;w ,t; tPukwth; mjidNa
njhopyhfTk; nfhz;ldh;. ,jid ~tpOe;njhil kwth; tpy;yplj;njhiye;Njh|| (mfehD}W
53) vd;w mfehD}W mbfs; epidT+l;Lfpd;wd. ,j;jifa tPuepfo;tpd; tpisthf Vw;gl;l
eLfy; Nfhapy; ~~Ntbag;gd; Nfhapy;|| vdg;gl;lJ. ,j;jifa tPukuzk; va;jpNahiu
~~Ntbag;gd;|| vd;Nw kf;fs; mioj;jdh;.
mf;fhy eLfw;fspNy fhzg;gl;l rpy tpguq;fs; tUkhW:
-
Nghh; kiyjy;> NghHf;fsj;njhopy; Nghd;w nrhw;fs; ,t;tPueLfw;fspy;
fhzg;gLk;.
-
,jNdhL mt;tPud; Njhd;wpa Fbapd; epiyAk; $wg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
-
tPuh;fs; ifapy; (,lk;) tpy;Yk; tyf;ifapy; thSk; nfhz;ljhf
mth;fsJ tbtk; nghwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
-
,lf;fhiy Kd; itj;J nry;Yk; cUtq;fshf nghwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
-
xNu FLk;gj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ,Uth; cUtk; xU fy;ypNy
nghwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
-
tPud; xUtd; Fj;jpf; nfhy;yg;gl;l tplj;J Fjpiu cUtk;
nghwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
-
kwtndhL khL cUtk; nghwpf;fg;gLk;.
-
kwtNdhL ehAk; nghwpf;fg;gLk;.
-
Fjpiu tPud; tPukuzk; vdpy; FjpiuAk; nghwpf;fg;gLk;.
-
mk;G gha;e;j epiyapy; kwtidf;fhl;ly;
-
FjpiufNshL ,we;J gl;l tPuidg; nghwpj;jy;
-
kwtNdhL Gyp cUtk; nghwpj;jy;. ,q;F kwtdJ ,lf;if Gypapd;
thapDs; ,Uf;f tyf;if this Xq;fpagb ,Uf;Fk;.
-
gd;wpNahL tPuidg; nghwpj;jy;
-
tPudpd; cUtk; tPur; nray;fis kl;Lk; nghwpj;jy;.
-
,we;j tPudpd; ngah; nghwpj;jypYk; gy Kiwfs; cs;sd.
-
tPudpd; ngaH nghwpj;jy;.
-
je;ijnahL tPudpd; nghwpj;jy;
-
ghl;ld; je;ij ngaNuhL NrHj;Jg; nghwpj;jy;
-
Nrtfh;> murH ngaNuhL NrHj;Jg; nghwpj;jy;.
,j;jifa eLfw;fs; mjpfk; fhzg;gl;l ,lq;fs; Ntbag;gd;
Nfhapy;> jdpahH nfhy;iyfs;> Vhpf;fiufs; KjypadthFk;.
fe;jNuhilapy; fhzg;gl;l J}g tbt fy;yiwfs;
jhJ Nfhgq;fs;> jNfhghf;fs; ,d;W ngsj;j kjj;jpw;F
chpadthff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy;> ngsj;j kjk; Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;Ng ,j;jifa
jNghfhf;fs; NtWgy ehLfspy; ,Ue;jd vd;gij tuyhw;whrphpah;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wdH. ( T.W.Rhys
david - "Buddhism in India PP 36, 37)
jhfg vd;Dk; tl nkhopr; nrhy; jhJ vr;rk;> fHg = tapW vd;W
nghUs; jUk;. vdNt> jhJ fHgk;> jhJNfhGuk;> vd;gJ xUtuJ vr;rq;fis cs;slf;fpa
NfhGuk; vdg; nghUs; jUk;.
,e;jpahtpy; Vuhskhd J}gpfs; gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;jd. ,we;JNghd
nghpahHfsJ vYk;G> rhk;gy; Nghd;w vr;rq;fs; kPJ ,it vOg;gg;gl;ld. ,e;J> i[d>
rkz> ngsj;j kjg; nghpahHfspd; vr;rq;fs; kPJ ,j;jifa J}gpfs; vOg;gg;gl;ld.
nghpahh; vr;rq;fspd; kPJ vOg;gpa kz;Kb (Jkpyp) apypUe;Nj J}gp Njhd;wp
tsHfpwnjdgij njhy;nghUspayhsHfs; ,d;W xj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;wdH.
( Dr. S.Parvanitana - "Stupa in Ceylon. pp.2)
<oj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l fy;yiwfs; ePs;rJu tbtk;> fy; tl;lq;fs;> rJuf;Fopfs;>
fy;Nkirfs;> jhopfs; Nghd;w tbtq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it fp.K.1000 fp.gp.
500 tiu fhyg;gFjpapd; vdf; fzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
fe;jNjhilapy; fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;l J}gpfs; miuf;
Nfhztbtpyike;jd. cauk; 15 mb ,Uf;fyhk;. mbj;jsq;fspd; tpl;lk; 6 mb Kjy; 23
mb tiu cs;sJ. ehfh;[d nfhd;lh> mkuhtjpia xj;j ,it xU ~~<kf;fhL|| (kahdk;) vd
Cfpf;fg;gl;lJ. mbj;jsq;fspy; fpilj;j KUiff;fw; NgiofspDs; nrk;G Mzpfs;> rq;F
tisay;fs;> Nkhjpuq;fs;> kzpkhiyfs;> gpw mzpfyd;fs; Nghd;w fhzg;gl;ld. ,it <kf;FopfNs
vd NguhrphpaH rpw;wk;gyk; tpsf;fkhff; $wpAs;shH. (aho;g;ghz ,uhl;rpak; gf;.
15>582>584)
tPu topghL
tPukuzk; mile;j ,lj;jpy; mtHfspd; QhgfhHj;jkhf epWtg;gl;l
eLfy;yhdJ fhyg;Nghf;fpy; topghlhfTk; ghpzkpj;jJ ,J Muk;gj;jpy; Ntbag;gd;
Nfhapy; vdg;gl;lJ.
tPuDf;F eLfy;iy ehl;baNjhL epd;Wtpltpy;iy. me;eLfy;Yf;F
czTg;gz;lq;fisg; gilj;jhHfs;. tPudpd; fhyUNf ~nfz;b| vd;w mikg;gpid
cUthf;fpdhH. ,jpy;fs; gilj;jdH.tPuDf;f gilay; ,l;ldH. ,jid ~~ehl;gyp|| vd;wdH. (GwehE}W
329) ~~ehl;gyp|| nfhLf;Fk; ehl;fspNy mf;fy;Yf;F ePuhl;b G+r;#b Nts;tp
nra;jijAk; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspd; %yk; mwpa KbfpwJ. (njhy;fhg;gpak; nghUsjpfhuk;
60).
tPuh;fs; nfhw;witf;F jk; capiuAk; nfhLj;j tuyhWk; cz;L.
mjid ~~mtpg;gyp|| vd;wdH. (GJf;Nfhl;ilf; fy;ntl;L 969)fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,t;tPu topghlhdJ nghJ topghlhf khwpg;
gpd;G nfhw;wit topghlhf tphptile;jJ vdg;gLfpd;wJ. (njd; ,e;jpa fy;ntl;Lj;
njhFjp 6 vz; 456)
,t;tpjkhf tPuh;fs; <Lgl;l NghHfs; Mepiu ftHjypy; ~ntl;rp|
vdTk; rpw;wurHfis mlf;fp ehL gpbf;Fk; NghJ ~tQ;rp| vdTk;> rhk;uhr;rpaq;fis
tp];jhpf;fk; NghJ ~Jk;ig| vdTk;> gytpjkhf jkJ tPuj;ijf; fhl;b cs;sij tuyhW
$Wk;. md;W vq;FNk tPuNk Kjw;nghUshf miktijAk; fhz;fpNwhk;. gz;L NghyNt ,d;Wk;
jha;ehL NfhUk; NghUk; ePs;fpwJ. eLfw;fSk; jkpodpd; tPu tuyhw;wpd;
njhlHr;rpiaf; $wpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.
kuitg; Ngzy;
,t;thW tuyhw;W hPjpahfg; Ngzg;gl;l xU kuigg; Gypfs;
njhlh;tjd; %yk; ,UKf;fpa mk;rq;fs; gjpthfpd;wd. mit>kuGtop elj;jy;
, tPukuzk; mile;Njhiuf; fdk; gz;zy;.fle;j fhyq;fspy; Gypfs; elhj;jpa NghH Kiwfspy; mtHfspd; tPurhjidfs;
ntspg;gl;ld. mt;thNw mtHfs; cUthf;fpa khtPuH JapYk; ,y;yq;fspy; mtHfsJ kdpj
Neag; gz;Gfs; ntspg;gLfpd;wd.
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