-
jpUkzk;
vd;gJ
-
jpUkzg;
nghUj;jq;fs;
-
nghd;
cUf;Fk; itgtk;
-
mh;j;jk;
jUk; jpUkzk;
jpUkzk; vd;gJ ngz; tPl;lhUk;>
Mz; tPl;lhUk; nghUj;jk;
ghh;j;J eilngWfpd;wJ. rpyh; kdg;nghUj;j KiwapYk; jpUkzQ;nra;J nfhs;Sfpd;wdh;.
jpUkz ehs; epr;rapf;fg;gLk;NghJ nghd; cUf;fTk; ehs; Fwpf;fg;gLk;.
nghd; cUf;Fk; epfo;T gps;isahh;
G+irAld; khg;gps;is tPl;by; Muk;gkhFk;. Mrhhpahh; ey;yKiwapy; nghd; cUf;Fthh;.
mjd;gpd; Ks; KUf;fe;jb fpof;F Kfkhfg; ge;jw; fhyhf ehl;lg;gLk;. mq;F etjhdpak;
Kiwf;fg; Nghlg;gLk;. ,Nj Nghd;W ngz; tPl;bYk; ge;jw;fhy; Nghlg;gl;L etjhdpak;
Kisf;fg; Nghlg;gLk;. ,jd; gpd;dh;
Rg Ntisapy; mLg;gpNy jhr;rpia itj;J KjypNy fy;ahzj;Jf;fhd ,dpg;G gyfhuq;fs;
nra;ag;gLk;.
jpUkz jpdj;jpd; Kd;jpdk; ngz;
tPl;by; Rkq;fyp G+i[> kzg;ngz;zpd; kq;fs tho;tf;fhf eilngWk;. mNj Nghd;W>
kzkfd; tPl;bNy gpjph;fspd;
ey;yhrpia Ntz;b GNuhfpjiu mioj;J topghLfis nra;tJ tof;fk;.jpUkzk; vd;gJ rpt> ghh;tjp mk;rq;nfhz;l xUgf;jp kakhd irt
epfo;r;rpahFk;. ,jd;NghJ tpf;Nd];tu> gQ;rft;a>
Fk;gG+i[> ngz; khg;gps;isf;Ff; fhg;Gf; fl;Ljy;> rptd; mk;kd; topghL> etf;fpuf topghL>
mf;dpfhhpak;
Kjyhdit fpukkhf topghl;Lld; eilngWk;. K$h;j;jNjh\k;> fpuf Njh\k; ePq;f
topghLfs;> jhdq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gLk;.
kzg;ngz;zpd; ,U iffspYk; ntw;wpiy> ghf;F>
gok;> vYkpr;irg; gok;> kQ;rs;> nghw;fhR vd;gd itj;Jg; ngz;zpd; ,U
iffisAk; jfg;gd; jhq;f ngz;zpd; jhahh; ntw;wpiyapy; jhiuahf ePiu Cw;wpa gpd; kzkfDf;F
kq;fsfukhf kzg;ngz;izj; jfg;gdhh; fd;dpfhjhdkhff; nfhLg;ghh;. clNd kzkfd;
gf;jpG+h;tkhf kzg;ngz;izj; jkJ ,U iffshYk; Vw;W kzkfs; nfhLf;Fk; nghw;fhRldhd
kq;fyg; nghUl;fisj; jdJ je;ijaplq; nfhLg;ghh;.
khg;gps;is nfhLf;Fk; $iwg;Glitia
kzg;ngz; mzpe;J te;jjd; gpd;dh; kzkfd; tlf;F Kfkhf epd;W kzg;ngz;zpd; fOj;jpy; jhypfl;b>
kq;fyg; nghUl;fisf; nfhLg;ghh;. ~rg;jgjp| vDk; VO mb itj;J ele;J> mk;kp kpjpj;J>
nkl;b mzptpj;J> mUe;jjp fhl;ba gpd;dh; MrPh;thjk;> rigNahhpd; MrPh;thjk;
md;gspg;Gg; nghUl;fis toq;Fjy; Kjyhdit epfOk;. mjd;gpd; kq;fsfukhf Muhj;jp vLj;J
jpUkz epfo;r;rp ,dpNj epiwTngWk;.
gpd;dh; Fy nja;t topghl;Lf;fhf kzkf;fis
vy;NyhUk; mioj;Jr;
nrd;W vy;NyhUkhff; Fy nja;tj;ij tzq;fp epw;gh;. FUf;fs; tpG+jp gpurhjk;nfhLj;j
gpd; G+irf;fhshQ;rpia kzkfdplk; nfhLg;ghh;. kzkfd; mjidj; jkJ ,U fz;fspYk;
xw;wpg; gpd;dh; mjid kzkfsplk; nfhLg;ghh;. kzg;ngz;Zk; jdJ ,U fz;fspYk; mjid
xw;wpa gpd; mjid ,y;yj;jpw;F vLj;Jr; nry;tJ irt kuG.
jpUkzg; nghUj;jq;fs;
xU ,y;ywk; ey;ywkhfj; jpfo
Ntz;Lnkdpy; fztd;> kidtp ,UtUk; Fzeyd;fs;> gz;Gfs; vd;gtw;why; xj;jpire;J
xUtUf;nfhUth; ,zf;fkhf kdnkhg;gp thoNtz;Lk;. mt;thW mth;fs; tho;tjw;Fr; rpy
nghUj;jq;fs; mth;fspilNa ,Ug;gJ mtrpakhfpwJ.gz;ila fhyj;jpNy Mz;> ngz; ,UtiuAk;
Neupy; ghh;j;J jpUkzg; nghUj;jq;fs; fzpf;fg;gl;ld. mwptpay; hPjpahd me;j
gj;Jg;nghUj;jq;fSk; tUkhW:
|
1. Fbik: gpwe;j FLk;gj;jpd; epiy
2. gpwg;G: gpwe;j Fbf;Fj;
jFe;jhw;Nghy; xOFk; xOf;fk;
3. Mz;ik: Nkw;nfhz;l nraiy
epiwNtw;Wk; Mw;wy;.
4. Mz;L: nghUj;jkhd taJ
5. cUtk;: xUtUf;nfhUth; nghUj;jkhd
cUtk;
6. epWj;j fhkthapy;: epiyahd
fhjy;
7. epiw: kd mlf;fk;
8. mUs;: mdj;Japh;fsplj;jpYk; ghpTzh;T
9. czh;T: vijg; gw;wpAk; czUk; mwpT
10. jpU: nry;t tsk;
|
 |
gpw;fhyj;jpy; Vl;by; vOjpatw;iwg;
nghUj;jk; ghh;f;Fk; epiy
tof;fj;jpw;F te;jJ. ,k;Kiwapy; Mz;> ngz; ,UtiuAk; Neupy; ghh;f;fhkNy
mth;fSila [hjfq;fis itj;Jf;nfhz;L N[hjplh; mth;fspd; nghUj;jq;fisf; fzpj;jwpthh;.
,k;KiwNa ,g;NghJ tof;fj;jpypUf;fpwJ.
N[hjplj;jpy; fzpg;gplg;gLk;
gj;Jg;nghUj;jq;fs; tUkhW:
]
jpdg;nghUj;jk;
]
kNfe;jpug;
nghUj;jk;
]
fzg;
nghUj;jk;
]
Nahdpg;
nghUj;jk;
]
];jphpjPh;f;fg;
nghUj;jk;
]
,uhrpg;
nghUj;jk;
]
,uhrp
mjpgjpg; nghUj;jk;
]
trpag;
nghUj;jk;
]
u[;[{g;
nghUj;jk;
]
Ntijg; nghUj;jk;
,e;j gj;Jg; nghUj;jq;fspy; Ie;Jf;F Nky;
nghUj;jq;fs; fhzg;gbd; jpUkzk; nra;ayhk; vd;gJ jw;Nghija eilKiwahfTs;sJ.
jhypf;F
nghd; cUf;Fk; itgtk;!
xU ey;y ehspy; jhypf;Fg; nghd; thq;Ffpwhh;fs;. ngj;Jg; ngUfp
kq;fskhf tho;fpd;w FLk;gj; jiyth; xUth;jhd; Kd;dpd;W ,e;jr; Rgfhhpaj;ijr;
nra;thh;. gQ;rhq;fk; ghh;j;J jhypf;Fg; nghd; cUf;Ftjw;F ehs; eph;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ.
me;j ehspy;> Rkq;fypg; ngz;fs; #o;e;jpUf;f nghd; cUf;Fjy; eilngWk;.
khg;gps;is nghd;id ntw;wpiyapy; itj;J> flTis tzq;fp nghw;nfhy;yh; ifapy;
nfhLf;f> mth; mjid vLj;J> kq;fs thh;j;ijfs; nrhy;yp> #otpUf;Fk;
nghpNahUf;Ff; fhl;Lthh;. khg;gps;is mjidg; ngw;W G+iraiwapy; itj;J> flTis
tzq;Fthh;. mjd; gpd;G mjpypUe;J jhyp thh;j;njLf;fg;gLk;.
jhypf;Fg; ngUk;ghYk; xU rtud; jq;fNk cUf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Mdhy;>
jhyp xU rtud; jq;fj;jpy; jhd; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; epajp ,y;iy. xU rtudpYk;
Fiwthd jq;fj;jpNy jhyp nra;ag;gLtijNa kf;fs; tpUk;Gfpwhh;fs;.jhyp gy;NtW tifahd cUtj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. mJ Nghy>
jhypfspy; gjpf;fg;gLk; cUtq;fSk; gy tifg;gl;ldthf cs;sd. vd;d tbtj;jpy; jhyp mika
Ntz;Lk;
vd;gij kzkfd; jPh;khdpf;fpd;whd;. rpyNghJ kzkfd;> kzkfs; ,UtUk; Nrh;e;J njhpT
nra;tJk; cz;L.
-tho;f;iff;F
mh;j;jk; jUk; jpUkzk;
-
ngz;fSf;F ,iof;fg;gLk;
mePjpfisf; fisaNt ~jpUkz fyhrhuk;| cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.jpUkzk; vd;gJ ,d;W midj;J kdpj r%fj;jpdhpd; tho;tpYk;
kfj;Jtkpf;f GdpjkhdNjhh; rlq;fhfj; jpfo;fpwJ. Mdhy;> jpukz rlq;if epiwNtw;Wk;
Kiwjhd; r%fj;jpw;Fr; r%fk; NtWgLfpwJ.
r%fq;fspy; ehfhpf tsh;r;rp Njhd;Wtjw;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;ij
vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;> ~jpUkzk;| vd;gJ njhlh;ghd vz;zf;fUNth> rk;gpujhaq;fNsh
fhzg;gltpy;iy. NtLtdhf ehNlhb tho;f;if tho;e;j kdpjd; ehfhpf tsh;r;rpapd;
gpw;ghL Xhplj;jpy; epiyahf jd; tho;f;ifia ];jpug;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l fhyfl;lj;jpy;
jhd; jpUkzk; gw;wpa rpe;jid kdpj rKjhaj;jpy; Njhw;wnkLj;jJ.
me;j tifapy; njhd;ikahd fhyj; jkpoh;fspd; tho;f;ifapy;
jpUkzk;
vd;w rlq;Nf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ~fsT| tho;f;ifNa eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jJ. fsT tho;f;if vd;gJ
md;G> mwpT> moF Kjypatw;wpy; xj;jpUf;Fk;. MZk;> ngz;Zk; xUtiunahUth;
fz;L fhjy; nfhz;L cyfj;jhh; mwpahj tz;zk; kdnkhg;gp thOk; tho;f;ifahFk;.fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,f;fsT tho;f;ifapy; Mz;kfd; jd;id ek;gp te;j
ngz;iz Vkhw;wptpl;L khw;whs; xUj;jpAld; tho;f;if elJ;Jk; epiy Njhd;wpaJ. ,t;thW
fsT tho;f;ifapy; ngha;Ak; gpj;jyhl;lKk; Njhd;wptpl;likahy; mwptpy; rpwe;j
nghpath;fs; xd;W $b jpUkzk; vd;w rlq;if cUthf;fpdhh;fs;.
ngz;fs; njhlh;ghd r%fg; ghJfhg;G> clikfs;>
nrhj;Jf;fs;
rk;ge;jkhd NgZifia cWjpg;gLj;jy;> FLk;g fl;Lf;Nfhg;ig rPh;Fiyahky;
fl;bf;fhj;jy; Nghd;w Njitg;ghLfs; jpUkzk; gw;wpa vz;zf;fU Njhw;wkpl;ld vdyhk;.xU Mz; gy ngz;fisj; jpUkzk; nra;jy;> xU ngz; gy
Mz;fisj; jpUkzk; nra;jy;> xNu ,dj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fSf;fpilapyhd jpUkzk;> ntt;NtW
r%fq;fspy; Njhw;wnkLj;jd.
,w;iwf;F Rkhh; 2>500 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; tho;e;j
njhy;fhg;gpah; jhd; ,aw;wpa njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; vz; tifj; jpUkzq;fs; gw;wpf; $Wfpwhh;.
Þ
gpuk;k
tpthfk; :
ehw;gj;njl;lhz;L gpukr;rhpak; fhj;j Mz;kfDf;F gd;dpnuz;L taJila fd;dpia Mil
mzpfyd;fshy; ed;F myq;fhpj;Jf; nfhLg;gJ.
Þ
gpurhgj;jpa
tpthfk; : ikj;Jdd;
cwTilatDf;F ngz;zpd; tpUg;gj;jpw;fika Gdpj rlq;Ffs; %yk; nfhLg;gJ.
Þ
Mhpl tpthfk; : jFjpAila xUtDf;F
nghd;dhw; gRTk;> fhisAk; nra;J mtw;wpd; eLNt ngz;izAk; epWj;jp mzpfyd;fs
mzptpj;J ~ePq;fSk; ,itNghy tsKld; xw;Wikahf
tho;tPh;fshf!|
vd;W tho;j;jp ePh; thh;j;Jf;nfhLg;gJ.
Þ
nja;t
tpthfk; : Nts;tp epfo;j;Jk; FUTf;F> Nts;tpj; jPapd; Kd;itj;J fd;dpg;
ngz;izf; FUjl;rizahff; nfhLj;jy;.
Þ
fhe;jh;t
tpthfk; : Mz;kfDk; fd;dpAk; ahUk; mwpah tz;zk; re;jpj;J fztd; kidtpahf cwthLtJ.
Þ
mRuh
tpthfk; : kzkfdplk;
Vuhskhd ngw;Wf;nfhz;L ngz;izj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhLg;gJ.
Þ
,uhl;r]h
tpthfk; : jhd; tpUk;gpa; ngz;iz mts; tpUg;gj;jpw;Fk; Rw;wj;jhh; tpUg;gj;jpw;Fk; khwhf
gyte;jkhf flj;jpr; nrd;W miltJ.
Þ
igrhf
tpthfk; : jd;id tplTk; tajpy; Tj;jtsplKk; cwq;FfpwtsplKk;> fs;Sz;L kaq;fpf;
fplg;gtsplKk; $b kfpo;tJ.
jkpoh; tuyhw;wpy; jpUkzr; rlq;F cUthf;fg;gl;l
fhyj;jpy; mJ %Nte;jh;fSf;F kl;LNk chpajha; ,Ue;jJ. gpd;dh; midtUf;Fk; ,r;rlq;F
nghUj;jkhdjhf vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;L nghJkf;fSf;Fk; chpa rlq;fha; khwpaJ.
gz;ila fhye;njhl;L ,d;W tiuapyhd fhyg;gFjpia vLj;J
Nehf;fpdhy;> kzkfd; kw;Wk; kzkfs; FLk;gj;jpduhy; fye;JNgrp xOq;F nra;ag;gLk;
jpUkzq;fNs nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jp tUfpd;wikia mtjhdpf;f KbAk;. ngUk;ghyhd
jpUkzq;fs; fhjy; mbg;gilapyd;wp> nghUshjhuk;> FLk;gf; nfsutk; Nghd;w ,ju
Gwf;fhuzpfspd; mbg;gilapNyNa eph;zapf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Nkiyj;Nja ghuk;ghpa jpUkzq;fspNy jpUkz Nkhjpuk; mzptJ
fl;lhakhdjhfTs;sJ. Nkhjpuj;jpd; tl;l mikg;ghdJ jpUkzj;jhy; Vw;gl;l ge;jk;
vd;nwd;Wk; KbTwhky; ePbj;J epiyf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij milahsg;gLj;JfpwJ vd;Wk;
Nkhjpu tpuypYs;s euk;G xd;W ,jaj;Jld; Neubahf njhlh;GWtjhy; jpUkzkhdJ ,U ,jaq;fs;
rk;ge;jg;gl;lJ vd;gij vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ vd;Wk; ek;gpf;if epyTfpwJ.
1500 Mk; Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; ngUk;ghyhd jpUkzq;fs;
itghPjpahfNth> rhl;rpahsh;fis rhl;rp itj;Njh elhj;jg;gltpy;iy. 1563 Mk;
Mz;Lg; gFjpapy; Fiwe;jJ ,uz;L rhl;rpfSld; itgthPjpahf jpUkzk; elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;gJ eilKiwf;F te;jJ.jk;kp ];gpNwhl; vd;w kjNghjfh; jpUkzkhdJ Mz;fisAk;
ngz;fisAk; ghtq;fspypUe;J jLf;fpwJ vdf;$wpAs;shh;.nysuh nwNdhy;l;]; vd;gth; 8-14 E}w;whz;L fhyg;gFjpapyhd
jpUkzk; gw;wp gpd;tUkhW $Wfpwhh;.
jpUkzk; vd;gJ Mz;> ngz; Mfpa ,UtiuAk; ,izj;J itf;fpd;w
Gdpj rlq;fhFk;. xUth; Nky; xUth; nfhz;l fhjyhNyh md;wp NtNwJk; fhuzq;fshNyh xU
MZk;> ngz;Zk; jpUkzj;jpy; ,izAk; NghJ gy;NtW rthy;fis vjph;nfhs;s NehpLfpwJ.
,UtUk; jdpj;jdpahf ghhpastpyhd jpUkzg; nghWg;Gfisr; Rkf;f Ntz;ba
flg;ghLilath;fshfpd;whh;fs;. gy;NtW ,f;fl;lhd #o;epiyfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f
Ntz;bAs;s epiyikapYk; ,ilapilNa kfpo;r;rpfukhd nghOJfs; mj;jk;gjpfSf;F
fpilf;fNt nra;fpd;wd. mt;tpdpa nghOJfs; jpUkz tho;tpd; cWjpg;ghl;ilf;
fl;bnaOg;g cjTtdthf cs;sd.
jpUkzk; vd;gJ fhyq;fhykhf gy;NtW ghpzhk epiyfisj; njhl;L tsh;r;rp fz;l
NghJk; mjd; cs;shh;e;j jj;Jtq;fs; ghuk;ghpakhdit. xt;nthU r%fj;jpdJ jpUkz
KiwAk; NtWgl;l epiyikapYk; mj;jpUkz rlq;Ffspy; nghjpe;jpUf;Fk;. cl;fUj;Jf;fs;
mh;j;jk; epiwe;jit vd;gJ ep&gpf;fg;gl;l cz;ikfs;.
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