vd;w gphpj;jhdpa fg;gypd; chpikahsH vd rhpj;jpuk; $Wfpd;wJ.jpUNkdpahhpd;
Gjy;tuhd ,tH gy gha;fg;gy;fSf;F nrhe;jkhd rPkhd; ntq;flhr;ryk;
MthH. ,th; gha;f;fg;gy;fs; %yk;
gy ehLfshd ghurPfk; (<uhf;)> rPak;(jha;yhe;J)> rhtfk;([hth)>
Gl;gfk;(kpahd;khH)> flhuk; (kNyrpah)> Vld;> rpl;lhnfhq;> ,e;jpa gl;lzq;fs;
Clhf tHj;jfk;> thzpgk; nra;jtuhthH.
md;W ,yq;if gtsjPT gphpj;jhdpahpd;
Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;jJ. ,tHfs; 1795,y; tlfiuNahu gFjpapy; gy E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd
gha;f;fg;gy;fs; gUj;jpj;Jiw> ty;ntl;bj;Jiw> fhq;Nfrd;Jiw>
CHfhtw;Jiw(fhtY}H) eq;$ukpl;bUe;j fg;gy;fis
fz;L jkJ gha;f;fg;gypypUe;J gPuq;fpfs; %ykhf fg;gy;fis mopj;J> fiuNahu
tPukugpdUld; rz;ilapl;L ehl;bw;Fs; fhyb itj;Js;sdH.
,tHfSld; vjpHj;J rz;ilapl;L kbe;j
ty;ntl;bj;Jiw tPuGU\Hfs; Mapuj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;ltHfs; vd md;W aho;g;ghzitgt
nfsKjp vd;w E}ypy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdpDk; jkJ jpiufly; XbAk; jputpak; NjLk;
gzpapy; gyH tplhJ kPz;Lk; jk; fly; thzpgj;ij njhlHe;Js;sdH.gphpj;jhdpaH>
NghHj;Jf;NfaH> xy;yhe;jH> muhgpaH tpijj;Jr; nrd;w tpiykjpg;gw;w gy nghf;fp\q;fis
jkJ ehlhd gphpj;jhdpahTf;F vLj;Jr; nry;y vz;zp> Gifapujjz;lthsk; NghlTk; gy
fl;blq;fis fl;lTk; ,Uk;G> rPnke;JNghd;wtw;iw fg;gypy; nfhz;L tUtJz;L.
mNjghzpapy; /gPwP mj;jpyhe;jpf; fpq;
vd;w gphpj;jhdpa fk;gdpf;fg;gYk; <Lgl;lJ. ,itfis Vw;wpte;j fg;gy;
jpUNfhzkiyf;Fk; Ky;iyj;jPTf;fk; ,ilapy; ghiwapy; Nkhjp nghUs;fSld; flypy; %o;fptpl;lJ.
fg;gy; chpikahsH vj;jidNah gpuaj;jdk; vLj;Jk; vJTNk nra;a KbahJ Ngha;tpl;lJ.
flypy; nghUs;fSld; %o;fpanghpa fg;giy tpl;L nry;y kdkpy;yhjtH mf;fg;giy
nte;jPR tpl;lhH. vtUk; Kd;tuhj epiyapy; rPkhd; ntq;flhryk; nrd;W mjpf tpiy
nfhLj;J %o;fpa epiyapYs;s fg;giy jdjhf;fpf;nfhz;lhH. kw;tHfshy; kPl;fNth>
my;yJ tpiynfhLj;J thq;fhj fg;giy Vd; thq;fpdhH? mthpd; nja;tPfgzpNa ,t;thW
nra;aj;J}z;baJ Nghy; cs;sJ.md;W gHkhtpypUe;J nfhz;Lte;jNjf;fkuq;fis jdJ
fg;gy;%ykhf nfhz;Lte;jhH. Kj;J Fspj;jYf;F NgHNghd kd;dhH> rpyhgj;Jiw>
kwpr;Rfl;b> Fjpiukiy Nghd;w ,lj;jpy; cs;s Mo;fly; RopXbfisAk;> ty;ntl;bj;Jiw
tPukpF fg;gNyhl;bfisAk;Ntiyf;F mkHj;jpdhH.
Ky;iyj;jPT vd;w fiuNahu gFjpapYs;s
jkJ fhzpapy; nghpa jq;F klk; fl;b mjpypUe;J gphpj;jhdpa fg;giy kPl;L vLf;f
Muk;gpj;jhH. gphpj;jhdpa fg;gy; chpikahsUf;F jk;khy; KbahJ Nghd fg;giy vg;gb
kPl;LvLf;fg;Nghfpd;whH vd;gjidf;fhz Mtyhf ,Ue;jJ.rPkhd; ntq;flhryk; Kjypy;
jdJ ,Ufg;gy;fisAk; kw;Wk; Njf;Fkuq;fisAk; %o;fpa fg;gypd; Rw;Wtl;lkhf
epWj;jpdH. fapWfs;fg;gpfs;> RopXbfs; %ykhf khl;lg;gl;L nfhOitfs; %ykhf
rPnke;J gPg;ghf;fis ntspNa vOj;J jdJ fg;gy;fsp;y; Vw;wpf;nfhz;lhH.
gyehl;fs; nrd;wd. rPnke;Jfis
vLj;Jf;nfhs;s Kjy; mbapy; cs;sitfisAk; jz;zPhpy; Cwpagbahy; flypNyNa
fiuj;Jtpl;ldH.gpd;G ,Uk;Gf;NflHfisak;> fk;gpfisAk; fg;gypYk; xU gFjpia
flw;fiuapy; nfhz;L nrd;W NrHj;jdH. RopXLjypy; jpwikahd E}w;Wf;fzf;fhdtHfs;
kpf RWRWg;ghf epd;W Ntiy nra;jhHfs;.
RkhH ,uz;L khjq;fspy; fg;gypy;
Vw;wpte;j nghUs;fspy; Kf;fhy; gq;if kPl;ldH.mjd;gpd;G Njf;Fkuq;fisf;fg;gypd;
Nky; gf;fkhf kpjf;ftpl;L fg;gpfspd; %ykhf rpwpJ rpwpjhf Nky; fpsg;gpdhHfs;.
mJ ghukhf ,Ue;jjhYk; fly; ePHkl;lk; tiu caHj;jf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. mjd;gpd;G
rpwpF rpwjhf gha;f;fg;gy;fspd; cjtpAld; fiutiuf;Fk; nfhz;L te;Jtpl;ldH.
gpd;dH gytpjkhf kuq;fspy; fapWkhl;b fg;gpfspd; cjtpAld; xUthW NrHe;jdH
tPukpF fly; mDgtrhypfs;.
gphpj;jhdpa fg;gy; chpikahsH
fg;giykPl;l midtiuAk; ghuhl;bdhH. jdJ fg;giy rPkhd;ntq;flhryj;jpw;F tpw;whYk;>
mjid kPl;Ls;s jpwikia tpae;J ghuhl;bdhH.gpughfudpd; ghl;ldhH> kPl;l
rPnke;JfisAk; ,Uk;G NflHfisAk; tpw;W ngUk; jdte;juhdhH. Mdhy; mtNuh me;j
fg;gypd; %ykhf ngw;w ngUk; ,yhgj;ijAk;> rPnke;J ,Uk;G NflHfs;> fk;gpfis
nfhz;Lk; gy Nfhapy;fisf; fl;bdhH. mjdpy; xU Nfhapy; ty;itapd; thyhk;gpif
rNkjuhf tPw;W ,Uf;Fk; rptd; MyakhFk;.
md;dhH gpwP mj;jpyhe;jpf; fpq; vd;w
fg;giyj;jpUj;jp kPz;Lk; fly;thzpgk; nra;J mjid ,e;jpa nrl;bkhHfSf;F
tpw;Wtpl;lhH.gpughfudpd; G+l;ldhuhd Gz;zpaH vd;gtUk; gha;f;fg;gy;fs; %ykhf
gpwehl;L thzpgk; nra;jtuhthH. Gz;zpaH vd;gtH ngUk; jdte;jH. mtH uq;$dpy;
cs;s nghpa KUfd; Myaj;ijAk; fl;Ltpj;J Md;kpf gzpia nra;Js;shH.ty;it
fg;gNyhl;bfspd; rhpj;jpuq;fs; fhyj;Jf;Ff;fhyk; gyjlitfs; me;epahpd;
Ml;rpapdhy; mopf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ld.
,d;Wk; mNjepiy
ty;ntl;bj;Jiw KjyhspkhHfspd;
gha;fg;gy;fspNyNa md;W rpq;fg;G+H> kNyrpahTf;Fk; rPuikf;Fk; njhopy; NjbAk;>
gl;lg;gbg;Gf;fhfTk; nrd;Ws;sdH. ed;ik mile;jtHfspy; gyH capUld; ,y;yhtpl;lhYk;
mtHfspd; topahf te;j guk;giuapdH kwf;f KbahjtHfNs.
<oj;J G+je;NjtdhH jkpof GytHfNshL
mkHe;J jkpohuha;Tf;Fr; nrd;wJk; fly;khHf;fkhfNt. ,uh[ Nrhokd;dd; fhyj;jpYk;
jQ;irapy; eilngw;w jkpo; fiytpohtpy; <oj;J GytHfs;
nfsutpf;fg;gl;ldH. ,tHfSk; ty;it gha;f;fg;gy; %ykhfj;njd; ,e;jpah nrd;Ws;sdH.
MWKfehtyUk; fye;Jnfhz;lhH.
<oj;jpd; tlghy; mike;Js;s tuyhw;W ,e;JMyaq;fshd
ty;ypGu Mo;thH> ehfHNfhapy;> Rl;bGuk; mk;kd; fiugps;isahH.
jpy;iyak;gyg;gps;isahH>fhiuefH <oj;Jrpjk;guk; Nghd;w gy Myaq;fSf;F njd; ,e;jpa
Gfo;ngw;w ehj];tu fiyQHfshd jpUthtLJiw ,uhrul;zk;gps;is> Fwpf;fiugpr;irag;gh>
Kj;JtPH> ePlhkq;fyk; rz;KftbNty; Nghd;w gyuJ jtpy; ejh];tu fr;Nrhpfis
cw;rtfhyj;jpy; elj;j ty;ntl;bj;JIw jdte;jHfspd; cjtpAlNdNa fly;khHf;fkhf
tutiof;fg;gl;ldH.
ty;ntl;bj;Jiw KjyhspkhHfspd;
fg;gy;fs; khhpfhyj;jpy; CHfhty;Jiwapy; eq;$ukpl;Ls;s Ntisfspy;
fhiuefhpy; rpjk;guk; Nghd;W XH mofpa rptd;Nfhapy; fl;Ltjw;Fk;
Cf;fkspj;Js;sdH. mjdhNyNa <oj;J rpjk;guk; vd ngahpl;L
miof;fyhdhHfs;.mNjNghd;W kzpgy;ytkhf rhpj;;jpuq;fs; $Wk; eapdhjPtpd; jPtpd;
ehfG+rzp mk;kDf;Fk; gy cjtpfisak; njhz;LfisAk ty;ntl;bj;Jiw kf;fs;
nra;Js;sdH.
jpUf;NfjP];tuk; KdP];tuk;
jpUf;NfhNz];tuk; Nghd;w gy Gz;zpa jyq;fSf;fhd gy jpUg;gzpfis nra;tjpYk;
Kd;dpd;Ws;sdH. Kjd; Kjyhf (NjH) ,ujk; nra;Ak; NtiyfspYk; mjd; nts;Nshl;l
NtiyfspYk; Kf;fpa gq;F njhz;LfSk; nra;tjpy; Kd;epd;wtHfs; ty;it kf;fs;. jkpo;
kd;dHfspd; Ml;rp gphpj;jhdpaHfspdhy; xopf;fg;gl;l gpd;G aho;g;ghzk;> ey;Y}H
fe;jRthkp Nfhapypd; ghpghydj;jpw;nfd ,uz;L fg;gy;fs; ~Nty;Gutp|> ~kAutp[ad;|
Mfpad Nritapy;<LgLj;jg;gl;ld. fly; thzpgj;jpd; %ykhd ,yhgj;ij
ty;ntl;bj;Jiwapd; fg;gNyhl;bfNs ghpghypg;gjw;F cjtp ge;Js;sdH vd;gJ rhpj;jpu
rhd;whFk;.
<oj;jpd; guuh[Nrfud; Ml;rpapy;
xUKiw 11 khjq;fs; kioapd;wp thd; ngha;j;jikapdhy; ngUk; gQ;rk; jhz;ltkhbaJ.
mt;NtisapYk; jkpofj;jpypUe;J rhik> mhprp Nghd;w jhdpaq;fis Vw;wpf;nfhz;L <oj;J
JiwKfq;fSf;F Nkw;gb fg;gy;fs; te;jile;jjhf nre;jkpo; nry;tH NrJgps;is jkJ
E}y; xd;wpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.
,yq;if G+uhfTk; ,tHfspd; thzpgk;
Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpaJ Gydhfpd;wJ. goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; jkpoH fly; thzpgk;
nra;jJ gw;wp rpwg;ghf vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.jkpo;ehl;L kd;dHfSk;> tzpfHfSk;>
fpNuf;fHfSk;> NuhkHfs;> atdH Nghd;w gpwehl;ltHfSldhd njhlHG fly; khHf;fkhfNt
ele;jJ. Guhzfhy fijfspy; tUk; fhj;jtuhaH Nts;tp eilngWk;. ,Wjpehsd;W
fhj;jtuhaH jPHj;jkhl flw;fiuf;F fg;gypy; Nksthj;jpaq;fs; rfpjk; tUthH.
ty;ntl;bj;JIw khdhq;fhid kf;fs; ,jid ,d;Wk; rpwg;ghff; nfhz;lhb tUfpd;whHfs;.
mJNghy; gUj;jpj;Jiwapy; ehfHNfhapy;
fpuhkk; cs;sJ. nea;jy; epyKk; kUj epyKk; NrHe;J cs;s ,lj;jpy; ehfHNfhtpy;
cz;L. gwq;fpaH gag;gLk; tpjkhf me;j ehfjk;gpuhd; fhl;ba mw;Gjf;fhl;rpf;F
milahskhf ty;ntl;bj;Jiwia NrHe;j xUtuhy; nra;J nfhLf;fg;gl;l fg;gypNyNa
ehfjk;gpuhd; tPjp tyk; tUthH. ,e;j tpohitf;fhz Flhehl;bd; gyghfj;jpypUe;Jk;
Mapuf;fzf;fhd gf;jHfs; te;J jhprpg;ghHfs;.
irtj;jpw;F njhz;lhw;wpatHfs;
Gz;zpaH> ntq;flhryk; MfpatHfs; gpughfudpd;ghl;ld;> G+l;ld; guk;giu topapdH.
,tHfisg;Nghy; irtj;Jf;Fk; jkpOf;Fk; njhz;lhw;wpatH ,aw;jkpo; Nghjf Mrphpauhd
rq;fuH itj;jpypq;fgps;is mtHfs; (1843-1901). ,tH mUzfphpehjH vOjpa
fe;juyq;fhu %yj;jpw;F Gjpa ciu> rpe;jhkzp NtW gy Guhzq;fSf;F ciu vd;gd
vOjpAs;shH. Nt.gpughfudd; ghl;ldhuhd jpUNkdpaH ntq;flhryj;jpd; gphpj;jhdpa
fg;gy; kPl;l tPunray; nra;j vq;Fk; gutpaJ. 1905 ,y; ,yq;ifapd; Njrhjpgjpahf
,Ue;j gphpj;jhdpauhd NrH.nfd;wp gpNsf; ty;ntl;bj;Jiw fg;gy; Kjyhspfis Nehpy;
nrd;W ghuhl;bdhH. ,d;W ve;j XH mikg;GfSf;Fk; ,y;yhj ngUik
tpLjiyg;GypfSf;Fz;L. flw;Gypfs; vkJ flypy; gy tPujPu nray;fisr; nra;J cyf
ehLfis mjprapf;f itj;Js;sdH.
jkpo; kd;dHfs; fhyj;jpypUe;J ,d;Wtiu
ty;ntl;bj;Jiw kf;fspd; Nrit msg;ghpanjd;gJ tuyhW fz;l cz;ik.
ed;wp:tPuNfrhp08-12-2002(;[.m.rpthde;jk;)
