aho;g;ghzKk; td;dp ehLk; rpy tuyhw;W epidtiyfs;

aho;g;ghzk;> mjid mz;bAs;s jPTfs;> td;dpehL Mfpad gphpj;;jhdpauhy; 1873,y; cUthf;fg;gl;l jw;Nghija tlkhfhzkhFk;. vdpDk; ,g;gpuNjrk; <oj;jpd; Vida gpuNjrq;fs; Nghd;w kpf ePz;l xU tuyhw;Wg; ghuk;ghpaj;ij cilajhf tpsq;fpaJ. ,jid fe;jNuhil> Midf;Nfhl;il> khe;ij> tTdpahtpYs;s khkLt> G+efhp Mfpa ,lq;fspy; fpilj;j ngUq;fw;fhy fyhrhuj;ij Nrh;e;j njhy;ypak; rhd;Wfs; cWjpnra;fpd;wd. ,w;iwf;F 2500 MzlLfl;F Kd;dNu ,g;gFjpapy; jkpo; kf;fs; tho;e;jdh; vd;gij ,it vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ghsp E}y;fs; ,g;gpuhe;jpaj;ij ~ehfjPg| vd miof;fpd;wd. ty;ypGuj;jpy; fpilj;j nghd;Ndl;bYk; ,g;ngah; fhzg;gLfpwJ. jkpo; E}y;fspy; ,g;gpuhe;jpaak; ehfehL> kzpgy;ytk; vd miof;fg;Lfpd;wJ. ,q;F tho;e;j kf;fisg; ghsp E}y;fs; ~ehfh;fs;| vd mioj;J mth;fis mkhD\h;fs; vd tpspf;fpd;wd. vdpDk; njhy;ypapy; gpd;dzpapy; Nehf;Fk; NghJ ,th;fs; ,g;gFjpapy; tho;e;j ehfhpfk; gilj;j jkpo kf;fNs vdyhk;.

<oj;jpd; ehfhpfj;jpd; njhlf;fj;jpidg; nghJthfg;ngsj;jj;jpd; tUikAk; fp.K. %d;whk; E}w;whz;Lf;F ,l;Lr;nry;tJ tof;fk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; Gof;j;jpy; ,Ue;j thptbtkhfpa gpuhkpthp tbtj;jpy;; vOjg;gl;l fy;ntl;Lfs; <ok; KOtUk; 269 rpw;wuRfs; fhzg;gl;lij cWjpnra;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa rpw;wurh;fs; jhd; <oj;jpy; mur cUthf;fj;jpy; Kd;dpd;w Ma;Nts; Nghd;w FWepy kd;dh;fSk;> gUkfd; vd tpUJg;ngah; nfhz;l ,df;FOj; jiyth;fSkhth;. ,j;jifa Nghf;Nf <oj;jpd; tlgFjpapy; fhzg;gl;lij tTdpahtpYs;s gpuhkpf;fy;ntl;Lfs;> Midf;Nfhl;il Kj;jpiuapy; fhzg;gLk; NfhNte;jd;/NfhNtjd; vd;w thrfk;> ntbaurd;> kPfhkd; gw;wpa IjPfq;fs; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.

 tlgFjpapy; kl;Lkd;wp <oj;jpd; njd;gFjpapYk; Ma;> Nts;> gUkfd; Nghd;w ,idf;FOj;jiyth;fspd; Ml;rp epiy ngw;wpUe;jijAk; ghsp nkhopapd; nry;thf;fhy; cUf;fk; ngw;w rpq;fs fyhrhu tsh;r;rpahy; jkJ rkak;> nkhop Mfpatw;wpd; jdpj;Jtj;ij ,oe;jikAk; ,d;iwa Ma;tpd; %yk; czuf;$bajhAs;sJ. ,th;fis; Nghd;W tlgFjp kf;fs; jkJ jdpj;Jtj;ij ,of;ftpy;iy. ,jid vLj;Jf; fhl;LtJ jhd; ,d;Wk; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; tof;fpypUf;Fk; goe;jkpo;r; nrhw;fs;> gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fhzg;gLk; jkpo;tbtq;fs; Mfpad kl;Lkd;wp tTdpahtpYs;s fp.K. 3Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fhpa gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; jkpoiuf; Fwpf;Fk; ~jNkl| vd;w tbtKk; MFk;.

~<oj;J tuyhw;whrphpah;fspd; kugpy; mEuhjGuj;ijj; jiyefuhff;nfhz;l (fp.K. 3- fp.gp. 10 tiu) <ok; KOtJk; Ml;rp elj;jg;gl;lnjd;w fUj;J epytpdhYk; $lfpilf;Fk; rhd;Wfis cw;WNehf;Fk; NghJ <oj;jpd; tlgFjp kl;Lkd;wp njd;fpof;Nf ~Nuhfz ,uhr;rpak;| vdg;gl;l gFjpAk; jdpj;JtkhfNt tpsq;f ngUksTf;F jw;Nghija tl kj;jpa khfhzj;jpy;jhd; mEuhjGu murpd; Mjpf;fk; fhzg;gl;lJ Gydhfpd;wJ. fp.K.3 Mk; E}w;whz;by; mEuhjGuj;ij Mz;l Njtek;gpajP]d; fhyj;jpy; tlgFjpapYs;s Ik;GNfs gl;bdj;jpy; rq;fkpj;jpiu mur kuf;fpisAld; te;jpwq;fpa nra;jpAk; ,k;kd;dd; ak;GNfhs gl;bdj;jpy; fl;ba tpfhiu gw;wpa nra;jpAk; ghsp E}y;fspy; cz;L.

 Mdhy; ,jd; gpd;dh; ehd;F E}w;whz;Lfl;F mEuhjGu kd;dh; tlgFjpNahL nfhz;bUe;jnjhlh;Gfs; gw;wpa rhd;wpy;iy. ,jd; gpd;dh; mEuhjGu kd;dh; tlgFjpNahL nfhz;bUe;jnjhlh;Gfs; ntWk; ngsj;j kjj;jpd; eph;khzg;gzpfNshL njhlh;GilatdhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mJTk; <hplq;fspy; khj;uk; kd;dhh; khtl;lj;jpYs;s Fsq;fspd; eph;khzk; gpd;dh; fp.gp. 6Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; fp.gp. 10 Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fkpilg;gl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; mEuhjGu kd;dh; MW jlitfs; khj;jpuNk ,g;gFjpAld; njhlh;G nfhz;bUe;jijg; ghspE}y;fs; vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; %d;W ngsj;j rka eltbf;iffs; gw;wpAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vf;fhyj;jpYk; mEuhjGu murpd; ,g;gFjp kPjhd epUthf eltbf;ifs; gw;wpa rhd;Wfs; ,y;iy.

vdpDk; tlgFjpapy; rpw;wuR epiyapUe;j muRfs; typikAs;s gpuhe;jpa murhf vOr;rp ngw;wjd; rhd;whf tpsq;FtJjhd; fjpiukiyapy; (fe;jNuhil) fp.gp. 8Mk; E}w;whz;by; Ml;rp nra;j cf;fpurpq;fd; fijahFk;. fjpiukiyf;Fg; gpd;dh; rpq;if efh; ,g;gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; jiyefuhdJ. ,jidj; njhlh;e;J ghz;ba Nrho gil vLg;GfSf;F tlgFjp cs;shdJ. vdpDk; fp.gp. 10k; E}w;whz;by; jQ;irr;Nrhohpd; vOr;rp mEuhjGu murpd; tPo;r;rpf;F kl;Lkd;wp tl-fpof;Fg; gFjpfspy; jkpohpd; Mjpf;f tsh;r;rp cuk; ngw;Wj;jdpj;Jtkila toptFj;jJ. ,j;jifa Mjpf;fk; Kf;fhy; E}w;whz;by; Vw;gl;l kfhd; gilnaLg;ig njhlh;e;j ghz;bahpd; Mjpf;fg;glh;r;rp aho;g;ghz murpd; vOr;rpf;F toprikj;jJ. ghz;bahpd; jsgjpfshfpa Mhpar; rf;futh;j;jpfs; vdg;gl;lk; $ba gilj;sgjpfs; fp.gp. 1250-1619 tiuaho;g;ghz muir Mz;ldh;. fp.gp. 1450-1467 Mfpa 17 Mz;Lfspy; kl;Lk; Nfhl;il mur Mjpf;fk; ,t;turpd; kPJ fhzg;gl;lJ.

 ,t;turpd; jiyefuhf ey;Y}h; tpsq;fpaJ. ,jd; kw;nwhU ngah; rpq;if efh;. aho;g;ghz gl;bdkhFk;. ,e;ey;Y}h; gw;wpa rpq;fs E}yhrphpah; Nfhfpy re;Nj] jUk; Fwpg;G ,d;iwa aho;g;ghzg; gpd;dzpapy; epidj;Jg; ghh;f;fj;jf;fJ. m/jhtJ> ~aho;g;ghzg; gl;bdj;jpd; mur fl;blq;fs; gy epiufshf mike;Js;sd. ,f;fl;blq;fspy; nghd;dhyhd nfhbfs; gwf;ftplg;gl;Ls;sd. mj;Jld; ,f;fl;blq;fspd; tpiykjpg;gw;w ,uj;jpdf;fw;fs;> fw;fs; Mfpait ,izj;J Mf;fg;gl;likahy; ,it vq;Fk; gpufhrk; nghUe;jpAk; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,jdhy; ,it jUk; xsp moF FNguDila mofhGhpNahL xg;gplj;jf;fit. ,t;turh;fspd; nfhbahf ee;jpf;nfhb tpsq;fpaNjhL ehzaj;jpy; ee;jpr; rpd;dKk; ghz;b ehl;bd; NrJf;fiuia epidTgLj;Jk; tifapy; ~NrJ| vd;w Gz;zpak; kq;fyr; rpd;dKk; tpsq;fpaJ.

 rpk;khrdg; ngah;fshf nrfuhrNrfud;> guuhr Nrfud; Mfpad tpsq;fpd. nfhb> ehzak;> murhjpf;fk; ngw;wpUe;jNjhL rpwe;j flw;gilAld; flyhjpf;fk; ,th;fs; ngw;wpUe;jij fp.gp. 1344 ,y; ,q;Fte;j ,gpd; gw;Ww;wh vd;w ahj;jphpfh; Gfo;e;Jiuj;Js;shd;. Nrho kz;lyf;fiuapd; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd Mhpar;rf;futh;j;jpfspd; fg;gy;fisj;jhd; fz;ljhf ,td; $Wfpd;whd;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; <oj;jpy; typikkpf;f xU flw;gilia itj;jpUe;j ,th;fs; Mjpf;fk; fiuNahukhfg; ghze;JiwiaAk;> kj;jpa kiyg;gFjpapy; khj;jisiaAk; mile;jpUe;j ,g;gFjpapy; ,th;fs; rpiwngw;wijAk; rpq;fs E}y;fSk; fy;ntl;LfSk; $wfpd;wd. Jujp\;ltrkhf jkpo; ehl;bypUe;jJ <oj;ij Nehf;fp Vw;gl;l tp[aefug; Nguurpd; Mjpf;fg; glh;r;rpahy; aho;g;ghz murh;fs; <ok; KOtijAk; jkJ fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;LtUk; re;jh;g;gj;ij eOttpl;ldh; vd;gijf; Nf. vk;. B. rpy;th Nghd;w rpq;fs tuyhw;whrpupah;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;sdh;.

aho;g;ghz murpd; vOr;rpf;fhyj;jpy; jkpofj;jpypUe;J Vw;gl;l Fbg;ngah;T epfo;e;jijNghy td;dp muRfspd; vor;rpapYk; ,Njfhyj;jpy; fp.gp. 13Mk; E}w;whz;by; jkpofj;Jj; njhz;il kz;lyj;jpypUe;J td;dpg;gFjpapy; FbNawpa td;dpj;jiyth;fspdJk; kf;fsJk; tUif Kf;fpa gq;fpid tfpj;jJ. ,th;fspd; tUiff;F Kd;dh; td;dpg;gFjpapd; Kf;fpa FbNaw;w ikaq;fshf jdpf;fy;> fZf;Nfzp> Ks;skhefh;> fpof;F %iy> Nkw;F %iy Mfpait tpsq;fpaij itah ghlw;rhd;Wfs; %yk; ehdk; mwpfpNwhk;. td;dpah; fhyj;jpy; khq;Fsk;> nfhq;fd; Gspaq;Fsk;> nrl;bFsk;> JZf;fha;> gdq;fhkk; Mfpad Kf;fpa ,lq;fshff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.

Nghh;j;Jf;Nfa lr;R Mtzq;fs; gdq;fhkk;> fhpf;fl;L %iy> fUehty; gw;W> Nky;gw;W> Ks;spatis> njd;dkutb> nrl;bf;Fsk; Mfpa gFjpfspy; epiyj;jpUe;j td;dpr; rpw;wuRfs; gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wd. aho;g;ghz murh; ,ilapilNa gil cjtpAld; jdJ Neub Mjpf;fj;ij epiyehl;l Kad;whYk;$l ngUksTf;Fr; Rje;jpukhfNt td;dp muRfs; fhzg;gl;ld. ,tw;wpd; Rje;jpu Ntl;ifahy; ,it ~mlq;fhg;gw;W| vd;w ngaiuAk; ngw;wd. vdpDk; tUlnkhUKiw aho;g;ghz efh; nry;tJk;> jpiw nfhLg;gJk; tof;fkhapUe;jJ. ,Ue;Jk; aho;g;ghz murh;Fwpg;ghf Ks;spatisg; gFjpapy; Nfhl;il mikj;jpUe;j nra;jpAk; itahghlypy; cs;sJ.